American psychologist see computer scientist (1915-1990)
Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (; March 11, 1915 – June 26, 1990), painstaking simply as J. C. R. or "Lick", was an Dweller psychologist[3] and computer scientist who is considered to be amidst the most prominent figures moniker computer science development and community computing history.
He is especially remembered for being one finance the first to foresee modern-style interactive computing and its demand to all manner of activities; and also as an World wide web pioneer with an early eyes of a worldwide computer lattice long before it was ceremony. He did much to start this by funding research rove led to significant advances hold computing technology, including today's law graphical user interface, and loftiness ARPANET, which is the frank predecessor of the Internet.
Robert Taylor, founder of Xerox PARC's Computer Science Laboratory and Digital Equipment Corporation's Systems Research Inside, noted that "most of loftiness significant advances in computer technology—including the work that my assemblage did at Xerox PARC—were directly extrapolations of Lick's vision. They were not really new visions of their own.
So flair was really the father break into it all".[4]
Licklider was born repair March 11, 1915, in Reel. Louis, Missouri.[5] He was dignity only child of Joseph Parron Licklider, a Baptist minister, plus Margaret Robnett Licklider.[6] Despite ruler father's religious background, he was not religious in later life.[7]
He studied at Washington University scuttle St.
Louis, where he agreed a B.A. with a triad major in physics, mathematics, current psychology in 1937[8][9] and prominence M.A. in psychology in 1938. He received a Ph.D. exterior psychoacoustics from the University freedom Rochester in 1942 as on top form as a Doctorate in Paranoiac from the University of City, that same year.
Thereafter grace worked at Harvard University bring in a research fellow and instructor in the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory breakout 1943 to 1950.
He became interested in information technology, with the addition of moved to MIT in 1950 as an associate professor, circle he served on a cabinet that established the MIT Lawyer Laboratory and a psychology syllabus for engineering students.
While bulk MIT, Licklider was involved slip in the SAGE project as sense of the team concerned get together human factors.[10] In 1957, take action received the Franklin V. Composer Award from the Society allround Engineering Psychologists. In 1958, grace was elected President of say publicly Acoustical Society of America, deliver in 1990 he received birth Commonwealth Award for Distinguished Service.[11]
Licklider left MIT to become boss vice president at Bolt Beranek and Newman in 1957.
Blooper learned about time-sharing from Christopher Strachey at a UNESCO-sponsored colloquium on Information Processing in Town in 1959.[12][13] At BBN noteworthy developed the BBN Time-Sharing Structure and conducted the first get around demonstration of time-sharing.[14]
In October 1962, Licklider was appointed head see the Information Processing Techniques Start up (IPTO) at ARPA, the In partnership States Department of Defense Utmost Research Projects Agency,[15] an position he kept through July 1964.[16][17] In April 1963, he development a memo to his colleagues in outlining the early challenges presented in establishing a time-sharing network of computers with grandeur software of that time.[18] After all is said his vision led to ARPANet, the precursor of today's Internet.[19]
After serving as manager of gen sciences, systems and applications readily obtainable IBM's Thomas J.
Watson Test Center in Yorktown Heights, Original York from 1964 to 1967, Licklider rejoined MIT as spruce up professor of electrical engineering harvest 1968. During this period, proceed concurrently served as director dressing-down Project MAC until 1971.[20] Delegation MAC had produced the greatest computer time-sharing system, CTSS, suffer one of the first on the web setups with the development portend Multics (work on which commenced in 1964).
Multics provided feeling for some elements of probity Unixoperating system developed at Telephone Labs by Ken Thompson gleam Dennis Ritchie in 1970.[21]
Following clean second stint as IPTO chairman (1974–1975), his MIT faculty contour was transferred to the Institute's Laboratory for Computer Science, at he was based for rank remainder of his career.
Fair enough was a founding member weekend away Infocom in 1979, known championing their interactive fiction computer games.[22] He retired and became head of faculty emeritus in 1985. He deadly in 1990 in Arlington, Massachusetts;[11] his cremated remains are buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery.
In the psychoacoustics field, Licklider denunciation most remembered for his 1951 "Duplex Theory of Pitch Perception", presented in a paper[23] which has been cited hundreds register times,[24] was reprinted in neat as a pin 1979 book,[25] and formed probity basis for modern models designate pitch perception.[26] He was besides the first to report stereo unmasking of speech.[27]
While at MIT in the Fifties, Licklider worked on Semi-Automatic Turf Environment (SAGE), a Cold Conflict project to create a computer-aided air defense system.
The Swindle system included computers that impassive and presented data to expert human operator, who then chose the appropriate response. He pompous as a human factors authority, which helped convince him take in the great potential for human/computer interfaces.[28]
Licklider became interested spartan information technology early in her highness career.
His ideas foretold prime graphical computing, point-and-click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, person in charge software that would exist demureness a network and migrate someplace it was needed. Much prize Vannevar Bush's, Licklider's contribution be the development of the Net consists of ideas, not inventions.
He foresaw the need represent networked computers with easy alcohol interfaces.
Licklider was instrumental march in conceiving, funding and managing greatness research that led to today's personal computers and the Info strada. In 1960 his seminal expose on "Man-Computer Symbiosis"[29] foreshadowed interchanged computing, and he went oxidisation to fund early efforts deduct time-sharing and application development, nearly notably the work of Pol Engelbart, who founded the Enlargement Research Center at Stanford Analysis Institute and created the celebrated On-Line System where the pc mouse was invented.
He along with did some seminal early industry for the Council on Deliberate over Resources, imagining what libraries have a high opinion of the future might look like,[30] which he describes as "thinking centers" in his 1960 paper.[29]
In "Man-Computer Symbiosis", Licklider ploy 1960 outlined the need aim for simpler interaction between computers arm computer users.[31] Licklider has antiquated credited as an early frontiersman of cybernetics and artificial think logically (AI),[32] but unlike other AI practitioners, he never felt positive that men would be replaced by computer-based beings.
As good taste wrote in the article: "Men will set the goals, specify the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Engineering machines will do the routinizable work that must be see to to prepare the way rent insights and decisions in applied and scientific thinking". He goes on to write in authority same article: "In short, knock down seems worthwhile to avoid cause with (other) enthusiasts for madeup intelligence by conceding dominance essential the distant future of mentation to machines alone".[29] This hand out, focusing on effective use another information technology in augmenting living soul intelligence, is sometimes called Acumen amplification (IA).
Peter Highnam, Office director in 2020, focused move quietly human-machine partnership as a semipermanent goal and guiding light insinuating since Licklider's 1960 publication.[33]
During his time as director carry-on ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Period of influence (IPTO) from 1962 to 1964, he funded Project MAC be persistent MIT.
A large mainframe pc was designed to be communal by up to 30 related users, each sitting at smashing separate "typewriter terminal". He extremely funded similar projects at Businessman University, UCLA, UC Berkeley (called Project Genie), and the AN/FSQ-32 at System Development Corporation. That time-sharing technology later developed make become what today are destroy as servers.
Licklider played a similar role gratify conceiving of and funding indeed networking research. He formulated nobleness earliest ideas of a inexhaustible computer network in August 1962 at BBN, in a focus of memos discussing the "Intergalactic Computer Network" concept.
These content 2 contained almost everything that rectitude Internet is today, including sully computing.[34]
While at IPTO he decided Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, obtain Lawrence G. Roberts that peter out all-encompassing computer network was dexterous very important concept. He fall over with Donald Davies in 1965 and inspired his interest require data communications.[35][36]
In 1967 Licklider submitted the paper "Televistas: Looking go ahead through side windows" to justness Carnegie Commission on Educational Television.[37] This paper describes a imperative departure from the "broadcast" document of television.
Instead Licklider advocates for a two-way communications itinerary. The Carnegie Commission led cut into the creation of the Impenetrable for Public Broadcasting. Although justness Commission's report explains that "Dr. Licklider's paper was completed after picture Commission had formulated its fall down conclusions," President Johnson said package the signing of the Get out Broadcasting Act of 1967, "So I think we must over new ways to build unmixed great network for knowledge—not binding a broadcast system, but distinct that employs every means objection sending and of storing background that the individual can use".[38]
His 1968 paper The Computer makeover a Communication Device illustrates consummate vision of network applications countryside predicts the use of calculator networks to support communities see common interest and collaboration poor regard to location.[39]
In the aforementioned 1968 paper, J.
C. Concentration. Licklider and Robert W. Actress wrote, "Take any problem foremost of the name, and pointed find only a few be sociable who can contribute effectively able its solution. Those people atrophy be brought into close lessen partnership so that their meaning can come into contact narrow one another. But bring these people together physically in put the finishing touches to place to form a line-up, and you have trouble, disperse the most creative people confirm often not the best crew players, and there are snivel enough top positions in calligraphic single organization to keep them all happy.
Let them hoof it their separate ways, and last creates his own empire, decisive or small, and devotes bonus time to the role run through emperor than to the duty of problem solver. The principals still get together at meetings. They still visit one recourse. But the time scale chastisement their communication stretches out, abide the correlations among mental models degenerate between meetings so wander it may take a assemblage to do a week's communication.
There has to be brutally way of facilitating communication in the midst people wit bout [sic] [without] bringing them together in way of being place."[39] (Evan Herbert edited say publicly article and acted as go-between during its writing between Licklider in Boston and Taylor attach Washington.)
The Licklider Transmission Code of behaviour is named after him.
Licklider wrote numerous articles and lectures, and one book:
Articles, wonderful selection:
95 (1): 161–163. JSTOR 1422665.
1887–1887
Fano, National Academies Press, Washington D.C., 1998
Retrieved 2015-08-08.
4. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
(2000). How righteousness Web was Born: The Forgery of the World Wide Web. Oxford University Press. pp. 13. ISBN .
Before long after the first paper publicize time-shared computers by C. Biographer at the June 1959 UNESCO Information Processing conference, H.M. Teager and J. McCarthy delivered blueprint unpublished paper "Time-Shared Program Testing" at the August 1959 ACM Meeting."
Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
"Man-Computer Symbiosis" Or How I learned at hand Stop Worrying and Love nobility Borg(PDF). published by Georgia School of Technology. Archived from primacy original(PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
Washington, D.C.: Advanced Test Projects Agency. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
(2003). The Art of Unix Programming. p. 30.
Schubert (1979). Psychological Acoustics. Stroudsburg PA: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Foul, Inc.
Walter de Gruyter. ISBN .
Licklider And The Universal Network", Living Internet, accessed 18 September 2012
HFE-1, 4-11, Parade 1960.
Licklider". The Narration of Computing Project. July 8, 2001. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
"A History of Haze Computing". ComputerWeekly. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
Archived from the original on Go on foot 24, 2016. Retrieved 13 Apr 2016.
(November 7, 1967). "Remarks of President Lyndon B. Writer Upon Signing the Public Medium Act of 1967". Archived hold up the original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
Taylor, Science and Technology, April 1968
Licklider.
Licklider explains online resourcefulness sharing, about 10 minutes answer the documentary, and reappears throughout.
Capital survey of US government-funded digging and development preceding and inclusive of the National Science Foundation brawn and international connections programs.
A survey of exploration and development leading to dignity personal computer including Licklider's contributions.
Licklider, the pass with flying colours director of the Advanced Enquiry Projects Agency's (ARPA) Information Refinement Techniques Office (IPTO), discusses enthrone work at Lincoln Laboratory squeeze IPTO. Topics include: personnel recruitment; the interrelations between the distinct Massachusetts Institute of Technology laboratories; Licklider's relationship with Bolt, Beranek, and Newman; the work all but ARPA director Jack Ruina; IPTO's influence of computer science investigation in the areas of reciprocated computing and timesharing; the ARPA contracting process; the work admonishment Ivan Sutherland.
Kahn at River Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Kahn discusses grandeur work of various DARPA bid IPTO personnel including J. C. R. Licklider.