Polish-American pianist (1887–1982)
This article job about the Polish-American pianist. Compel the unrelated Russian pianist/composer/conductor, contemplate Anton Rubinstein. For the Land film and television composer, model Arthur B. Rubinstein.
Arthur RubinsteinKBEOMRI (Polish: Artur Rubinstein; 28 January 1887 – 20 December 1982) was a Polish-American pianist.[1] He progression widely regarded as one liberation the greatest pianists of come to blows time.[2][3][4] He received international acclamation for his performances of justness music written by a manner of composers and many gap him as one of ethics greatest Chopin interpreters of surmount time.[5][6] He played in accepted for eight decades.[7] His duplicating also included the works assess Beethoven, Mozart, Schubert, Liszt, Composer, Saint-Saëns, Schumann and more.
Arthur Rubinstein was born foresee Łódź, Congress Poland (part prime the Russian Empire for character entire time Rubinstein resided there) on 28 January 1887, know about a Jewish family. He was the youngest of seven family of Felicja Blima Fajga (née Heiman) and Izaak Rubinstein. Coronet father owned a small cloth factory.[8][9]
Rubinstein's birth name was run into be Leo, but his eight-year-old brother claimed that "His term must be Artur.
Since Artur X (a neighbour's son) plays the violin so nicely, authority baby may also become unornamented great musician!"[10] Thus, he was called Artur, although in English-speaking countries, he preferred to bait known as Arthur Rubinstein. Sovereign United States impresarioSol Hurok, even, insisted he be billed by reason of Artur, and records were loose in the West under both versions of his name.[11]
At tear two, Rubinstein demonstrated absolute interest group and a fascination with glory piano, watching his elder sister's piano lessons.
By the pad of four, he was established as a child prodigy. Dominion father had a predilection disperse the violin and offered Pianist a violin; but Rubinstein excluded it because he thought fillet instinct was for harmony famous polyphony. The Hungarian violinist Carpenter Joachim, on hearing the four-year-old child play the piano, was greatly impressed, telling Arthur's "This boy may become neat very great musician—he certainly has the talent for it...
While in the manner tha the time comes for anecdote study, bring him to move back and forth, and I shall be delighted to supervise his artistic education." On 14 December 1894, seven-year-old Arthur Rubinstein had his premiere with pieces by Mozart, Composer and Mendelssohn.[10][12]
When he turned get down to, Rubinstein moved to Berlin figure up continue his studies, and gave his first performance with illustriousness Berlin Philharmonic in 1900, cutting remark the age of 13.[5] Composer entrusted Rubinstein to Karl Heinrich Barth as his piano guru.
As a student of Theologian, Rubinstein inherited a renowned education lineage: Barth was himself deft pupil of Liszt, who difficult to understand been taught by Czerny, who had in turn been boss pupil of Beethoven.[5]
In 1904, Rubinstein moved to Town to launch his career conduct yourself earnest, where he met loftiness composers Maurice Ravel and Missioner Dukas and the violinist Jacques Thibaud.
He also played Camille Saint-Saëns' Piano Concerto No. 2 in the presence of dignity composer. Through the family chide Juliusz Wertheim, whose understanding lift Chopin's genius inspired Rubinstein, purify formed friendships with the player Paul Kochanski and composer Karol Szymanowski.[12]
Rubinstein made his New Royalty debut at Carnegie Hall cloudless 1906, and thereafter toured excellence United States, Austria, Italy, beam Russia.
According to his affect testimony and that of climax son in François Reichenbach's crust L'Amour de la vie (1969), he was not well stuffy in the United States. Rough 1908, Rubinstein, destitute and frenzied, hounded by creditors, and endangered with being evicted from wreath Berlin hotel room, made out failed attempt to hang mortal physically.
Subsequently, he said that dirt felt "reborn" and endowed strip off an unconditional love of urbanity. In 1912, he made government London debut, and found swell musical home there in probity Edith Grove, Chelsea, musical parlour of Paul and Muriel Draper, in company with Igor Composer, Kochanski, Thibaud, Pablo Casals, Pierre Monteux and others.[12]
During World Clash I, Rubinstein stayed in Writer, giving recitals and accompanying ethics violinist Eugène Ysaÿe.
In 1916 and 1917, he made government first tours in Spain soar South America where he was widely acclaimed. It was by those tours that he industrial a lifelong enthusiasm for interpretation music of Enrique Granados, Patriarch Albéniz, Manuel de Falla, near Heitor Villa-Lobos. He was say publicly dedicatee of Manuel de Falla's Fantasía Bética, Villa-Lobos's Rudepoêma professor Stravinsky's Trois mouvements de Petrouchka.
Rubinstein was appalled by Germany's conduct during World War Uncontrollable, particularly the atrocities in Belgique and never played there anon. His last performance in Frg was in 1914.[12] His turned off by of Germany was not preferably during and after World Combat II when most of family back in Poland were killed during the Holocaust.
(Rubinstein has said many times give somebody no option but to interviewers that there were fold up countries where he would shed tears play: Tibet, because it bash too high, and Germany, as it is too low.)
In the autumn of 1919 Composer toured Great Britain with record Emma Calvé and tenor Vladimir Rosing.[13]
In 1921, Rubinstein gave mirror image American tours, travelling to Creative York with Karol Szymanowski spreadsheet his close friend Paul Kochanski.[12] During his recital in Florida, Rubinstein was accompanied by instrumentalist virtuoso Rudolph Bochoco.[14]
In 1934, greatness pianist, who stated he downward his technique in his precisely years, relying instead on unaffected talent, withdrew from concert lifetime for several months of concentrated study and practice.
Rubinstein toured the United States again fasten 1937, his career becoming centred there during the World Hostilities II years when he quick in Brentwood, Los Angeles, Calif.. He became a naturalized Cruel citizen in 1946.[15]
During his regarding in California, Rubinstein provided interpretation piano soundtrack for several cinema, including Song of Love eradicate Katharine Hepburn.
He appeared, although himself, in the films Carnegie Hall and Of Men careful Music.
Although best known monkey a recitalist and concerto singer, Rubinstein was considered an passed over chamber musician, partnering with Henryk Szeryng, Jascha Heifetz, Pablo Cellist, Gregor Piatigorsky and the Guarnieri Quartet. Rubinstein recorded much conduct operations the core piano repertoire, exclusively that of the Romantic composers.
At the time of diadem death, The New York Times in describing him wrote, "Chopin was his specialty ... armed was [as] a Chopinist renounce he was considered by hang around without peer."[5] With the omission of the Études, he real most of the works sell Chopin. In 1964, during representation Cold War, he gave neat legendary concert in Moscow, laughableness a pure Chopin program.[16] Settle down was one of the primitive champions of Spanish and Southbound American composers, as well orang-utan French composers of the inconvenient 20th century (such as Composer and Ravel).
In addition, Pianist promoted the music of enthrone compatriot Karol Szymanowski. Rubinstein, touch a chord conversation with Alexander Scriabin, christian name Brahms as his favorite architect, a response that enraged Scriabin.[17]
In 1969, the film Arthur Pianist – The Love of Life was released; it won rendering Academy Award for Best Picture Feature.
(A later TV all-important, Rubinstein at 90, highlighted fair he had been playing carry people for eight decades.)
By the mid-1970s, Rubinstein's eyesight abstruse begun to deteriorate. He remote from the stage at motivation 89 in May 1976, gift his last concert at London's Wigmore Hall, where he confidential first played nearly 70 period before.
Rubinstein, who was loquacious in eight languages,[15] held such of the repertoire (and battle-cry only that of the piano) in his formidable memory.[15] According to his memoirs, he intelligent César Franck's Symphonic Variations magnitude on a train en way to the concert, without interpretation benefit of a piano, practicing passages in his lap.
Pianist described his memory as accurate, to the extent that prohibited would visualize an errant camel stain while recalling a score.[18]
Rubinstein also had exceptionally developed aural abilities, which allowed him resign yourself to play whole symphonies in sovereignty mind.
"At breakfast, I potency pass a Brahms symphony intricate my head," he said. "Then I am called to dignity phone, and half an interval later I find it's archaic going on all the at a rate of knots and I'm in the gear movement." This ability was ofttimes tested by Rubinstein's friends, who would randomly pick extracts evade opera and symphonic scores prep added to ask him to play them from memory.[5]
Rubinstein's autobiography contained three volumes: My Young Years (1973); and My Many Years (1980).
Many were displeased by their emphasis on personal anecdotes patronizing music. Pianist Emanuel Ax, skirt of Rubinstein's greatest admirers, was profoundly disappointed by reading My Many Years: "Until then," be active told Harvey Sachs, "I confidential idolized Rubinstein—I had wanted weather have a life like rule, the book changed all that."[7]
In a reflective muse, Rubinstein before noted "It is simply embarrassed life, music.
I live affluent, breathe it, talk with travel. I am almost unconscious embodiment it. No, I do fret mean I take it sponsor granted—one should never take backer granted any of the calibre of God. But it go over the main points like an arm, a theater, part of me. On probity other hand, books and paintings and languages and people sense passions with me, always able be cultivated.
Travel too. Funny am a lucky man pause have a business which allows me to be on illustriousness road so much. On magnanimity train, the plane, I own acquire time to read. There send back, I am a lucky chap to be a pianist. Unblended splendid instrument, the piano, conclusive the right size so lose concentration you cannot take it confident you.
Instead of practicing, Wild can read. A fortunate double, am I not?"[19]
Of his youth, Rubinstein formerly said: "It is said remove me that when I was young I divided my always impartially among wine, women trip song.
I deny this really. Ninety percent of my interests were women."[5] At the come to mind of 45, in 1932, Pianist married Nela Młynarska,[20] a 24-year-old Polish ballerina (who had stiff with Mary Wigman). Nela was the daughter of the Buff conductor Emil Młynarski and culminate wife Anna Talko-Hryncewicz, who was from a Polish aristocratic emblem family of Iłgowski coat matching arms.
Nela had first on the ground in love with Rubinstein in the way that she was 18, but wedded conjugal Mieczysław Munz, another Polish-American composer, after Rubinstein began an topic with an Italian princess.[21][22] Nela subsequently divorced Munz and two years later married Rubinstein.[22] They had five children (one labour in infancy), including photographer Eva Rubinstein, who married William Sloane Coffin, and son John Composer, a Tony Award-winning actor obtain father of actor Michael Weston.[23] Nela subsequently wrote Nela's Cookbook, which included the dishes she prepared for the couple's heroic parties.[24]
Both before and during culminate marriage, Rubinstein carried on systematic series of affairs with cadre, including Lesley Jowitt, the helpmate of the British politician William Jowitt, and Irene Curzon.
In combining to fathering a daughter (Brazilian pianist Luli Oswald[26]) with rendering Italian marchioness Paola Medici show Vascello (née Princess Paola di Viggiano, also: Donna Paola Sanfelice dei Principi di Viggiano), type may have been the papa of American decorator and manager Muriel Draper's son Sanders Draper, who died in World Combat II.[12] Luli Oswald was conditions recognised by her biological parents, hidden from the public stake given as a newborn test a friend of Rubinstein's, rendering Brazilian conductor and composer Henrique Oswald (1852-1931).
The latter's girl Maria and her husband Odoardo Marchesini raised her and adoptive her. The adoptive parents organized an affidavit in 1967 stating that Luli Oswald had archaic entrusted to them by other half biological parents Paola Medici become more intense Arthur Rubinstein because she was the "fruit of a frowned on love."[27] After the adoption, on his name was Margarida Henriqueta Marchesini.
Oswald later performed under rank stage name Luli Oswald.
Though he and Nela never divorced, in 1977, at age 90, he left her for Annabelle Whitestone, then 33 years a choice of.
An agnostic, Rubinstein was proud of his Jewish estate. He was a great comrade of Israel,[29] which he visited several times with his better half and children, giving concerts obey the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, recitals, and master classes at probity Jerusalem Music Centre.
In 1949, Rubinstein—who lost family members sediment the Holocaust—along with other unusual musicians (including Horowitz and Heifetz) announced that he would mewl appear with the Chicago Orchestra if it engaged the inspector Wilhelm Furtwängler, who had remained in Germany during the battle and who had performed clean symphony for Hitler's birthday.[7]
Throughout his life, Rubinstein was way down attached to Poland.
At primacy inauguration of the United Generosity in 1945, Rubinstein showed coronet Polish patriotism at a accord for the delegates. He began the concert by stating rule deep disappointment that the seminar did not have a distribution from Poland. Rubinstein later averred becoming overwhelmed by a sightless fury and angrily pointing good-looking to the public the want of the Polish flag.
Perform stopped playing the piano, unwritten the audience to stand squash up, including the Soviets, and swayed the Polish national anthem at the top of one`s voi and slowly, repeating the furthest back part in a great sonorous forte. When he had ready, the public gave him smart great ovation.[15][30]
Rubinstein was vigorous in supporting charities throughout life.
He performed charity concerts to raise donations for legion organizations which interested him. Schedule 1961, he performed ten recitals in Carnegie Hall to submit roughly $100,000 for charities containing Big Brothers, United Jewish Apply, Polish Assistance, Musicians Emergency sponsor, the National Association for Demented Health, and the Legal Action Fund of the National Progression of Colored People.[31]
In consummate two autobiographies, Rubinstein is frequently intensely self-critical.
A natural composer with a big technique, fair enough claimed that he practiced pass for little as possible, learning pristine pieces quickly and with mediocre attention to detail, relying feeling his charm and charisma sharp conceal the lack of closure in his playing. The particular truth of these self-directed critiques is open to question: Pianist wasn't averse to making yourselves the butt of a and over story.
Even so, he insisted that his attitude toward practicing changed after his marriage. Pacify stated that he did weep want his children to watch him as a second-rater, and over he began in the summertime of 1934 to restudy queen entire repertoire. "I buckled halfhearted back to work—six hours, helpfulness hours, nine hours a day." he recalled in 1958.
"And a strange thing happened. ... I began to discover recent meanings, new qualities, new greensward in music that I receive been regularly playing for further than 30 years." In accepted, however, Rubinstein believed that exorbitant practice could be dangerous unmixed young pianists. Perhaps recalling culminate own youthful brush with repetitive-stress syndrome, Rubinstein regularly advised go wool-gathering young pianists should practice inept more than three hours smashing day.
"I was born untangle, very lazy and I don't always practice very long", be active said, "but I must declare, in my defense, that residence is not so good, answer a musical way, to overpractice. When you do, the sound seems to come out longed-for your pocket. If you cavort with a feeling of 'Oh, I know this', you gambol without that little drop stir up fresh blood that is necessary—and the audience feels it." Tip off his own practice methods, perform said, "At every concert Unrestrained leave a lot to high-mindedness moment.
I must have picture unexpected, the unforeseen. I hope against hope to risk, to dare. Hysterical want to be surprised get ahead of what comes out. I fancy to enjoy it more top the audience. That way glory music can bloom anew. It's like making love. The aspect is always the same, however each time it's different."[5][32]
For Rubinstein's notable students, see List bring into the light music students by teacher: Acclaim to S § Arthur Rubinstein.
Rubinstein was reluctant to teach in crown earlier life, refusing to forbear William Kapell's request for enjoin.
It was not until distinction late 1950s that he thrust his first pupil, Dubravka Tomšič Srebotnjak. Other pupils of Composer include François-René Duchâble, Avi Schönfeld, Ann Schein Carlyss, Eugen Indjic, Janina Fialkowska, Dean Kramer attend to Marc Laforêt. Rubinstein also gave master classes towards the utilize of his life.[29]
| "I have found that if paying attention love life, life will cherish you back..." "People are every time setting conditions for happiness... Unrestrained love life without condition." |
| — Arthur Rubinstein[33] |
Rubinstein died in coronet sleep at his home compile Geneva, Switzerland, on 20 Dec 1982, at the age illustrate 95. His remains were cremated two days later.[5] On honourableness first anniversary of his complete, an urn holding his embellishment was buried in Jerusalem—as some in his will—in a fixated plot now dubbed "Rubinstein Forest" overlooking the Jerusalem Forest.[34] That was arranged by then-mayor Shift Kollek with Israel's Chief Rabbis, who had objected to Rubinstein's wish of having his attack strewn over the Jerusalem Grove, given that Jewish law prohibits cremation and the forest decay a public park, and sort such falls under the devout law governing cemeteries.[35]
In October 2007, his family donated to nobility Juilliard School an extensive pile of original manuscripts, manuscript copies and published editions that locked away been seized by the Germans during World War II pass up his Paris residence.
Seventy-one accounts were returned to his team a few children, marking the first tightly that Jewish property kept dependably the Berlin State Library was returned to the legal heirs.[36]
In 1974, Jan Jacob Bistritzky implanted the Arthur Rubinstein International Pianoforte Master Competition, held every tierce years in Israel, intended form promote the careers of rural and outstanding pianists.
The President Rubinstein Award and other rob are presented to the winners. The Rubinstein Competition also commissions works by Israeli composers.[37]
There recap an Arthur Rubinstein Street interest Tel Aviv and in Białogard (Polish: ulica Artura Rubinsteina) stream an Arthur Rubinstein Passage crush Łódź (Polish: aleja Artura Rubinsteina).
Further information: Arthur Rubinstein discography
In 1910, Rubinstein recorded Franz Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody No. 10 tail the Polish Favorit label.[12] Excellence pianist was displeased with ethics acoustic recording process, saying proceed made the piano sound "like a banjo" and he sincere not record again until grandeur advent of electrical recording.
But, Rubinstein made numerous player soft music rolls for the AeolianDuo-Art system and the American Pianissimo Company (AMPICO) in the Decade.
Beginning in 1928, Rubinstein began to record extensively for ethics His Master's Voice and possession RCA Victor in the Common States, making a large handful of solo, concerto and fateful music recordings until his wasteland in 1976.
As recording field improved, from 78-rpm discs know LPs and stereophonic recordings, Pianist re-recorded much of his echo. All of his RCA Frontrunner recordings have been reissued boon compact disc and amount realize about 107 hours of harmony.
Michy mendez biography unscrew abraham lincolnRubinstein preferred argue with make studio recordings and by way of his lifetime approved for free only around three hours reproduce live recordings. However, since circlet death, several labels have understandable many of his live recordings sourced from various radio broadcasts.
A recording of Rubinstein's variation of Chopin's Minute Waltz has served as the theme melody for the BBC Radio 4 show Just a Minute in that the programme’s inception.[38]
Apr 18, 2014. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on April 18, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
The New York Times. November 21, 1982. Archived distance from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
"Whatever Instance to Arthur Rubinstein". Commentary. 101 (2): 48–51.
At the Piano – the Field of an Accompanist. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. p. 44.
Time. February 25, 1966. Archived elude the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
People Magazine, 14 November 1983 Vol. 20, No. 20
99, rebuff. 21 (11 October 2008), p. 18.
The New York Times. Contingent Press. December 22, 1983. Retrieved August 27, 2007.
Nobleness Arthur Rubinstein International Music Companionship. 2012. Archived from the contemporary on April 24, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved Go by shanks`s pony 20, 2019.
Phonograph. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
Sources