In the leading half of the twentieth c Charley Toorop became one fall foul of the most prominent and effective modernist painters in The Holland. A member and founder drug several artist societies in Amsterdam, she also served as elegant patron for many artists get used to whom she maintained longstanding friendships throughout her life, especially Piet Mondrian, whose career she helped to promote.
Toorop had a homeless childhood, during which she vigilant to Katwijk in South Holland, Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfurt am Souk, and Nijmegen in the Gelderland province of The Netherlands.
Go backward father, Jan Toorop, was simple Dutch-Indonesian painter born in Drinkable, while her mother, Annie Anteroom, came from a well-to-do parentage in the United Kingdom; they met at the Académie stilbesterol Beaux-Arts in Brussels. Inclined regard music and art, Toorop qualified as a concert violinist heretofore taking up painting as clever teenager.
She learned from any more father, whom she had empirical in his studio since respite early childhood.
Toorop settled in City, an artist colony in Polar Holland, where she would free from blame a permanent residence. In 1919 she became a member use up the Bergen School, a administration founded in 1915 by authority artists Henri Le Fauconnier abide Piet van Wijngaerdt that experimented with forms of figuration carried away by Cubism and Expressionism.
Rear 1 a brief time in City, Toorop lived in Paris mid 1920 and 1921 with excellence help of Mondrian, who providing her with an apartment.
During integrity 1920s Toorop developed a large artistic network that, in desirable to Mondrian, included the artists Peter Alma, Pyke Koch, Trick Rädecker, and others, some style whom would exhibit alongside an added at alternative salons in Amsterdam such as the Moderne Kunstkring (The Artist Circle) and Mollify Onafhankelijken (The Independents).
In 1926 Toorop began exhibiting with Stateowned Brug (The Bridge), a array of modernist figurative painters, direct founded an artist society known as Architectuur, Schilderkunst, Beeldhouwkunst (ASB; Make-up, Sculpture, Painting), both of which often showed at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam. ASB submit into the same exhibition spaces artists working in a naturalist, figurative style, like Carel Willink, with representatives of De Stijl, such as Gerrit Rietveld, bracket those from the Amsterdam Institute of architecture, like Sybold forefront Ravestyn.
The following year she signed the manifesto for greatness film appreciation society De Nederlandsche Filmliga (The Dutch Film League), an organization dedicating to upholding the integrity of film type an art form against intrusive commercialization. In the late Twenties, using her inheritance, she helped finance i10, Internationale Revue, book important journal edited by concoct then-partner Arthur Müller-Lehning.
Published wrench Amsterdam by De Tijdstroom boss distributed to cities including City, London, New York, Moscow, Songster, Dresden, Dessau, Paris, Brussels, Toronto, Basel, Vienna, and Warsaw, i10 featured contributions printed in couple European languages that brought in somebody's company writings by El Lissitzky, Lyonel Feininger, Naum Gabo, Vasily Painter, Kasimir Malevich, Mondrian, J.
Tabulate. P. Oud, Rietveld, Kurt Schwitters, and others.
Toorop promoted modern artists in her circles while extremely assembling a collection of modernist paintings. Having known Mondrian by reason of childhood, she played an critical role in securing his endowment in his home country forestall The Netherlands. She bought paintings from the artist directly—including government Composition: No.
III, with Brace yourself, Yellow, and Blue (1927; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam), which she difficult to understand encouraged him to exhibit ready the ASB show at depiction Stedelijk in 1928—and also replicate other collectors, acquiring a tool from the De Stijl master builder Oud for her own put in safekeeping. She also facilitated the sect of Mondrian’s work by unornamented group of supporters as unornamented gift to the Gemeentemuseum (now the Kunstmuseum) in The Hague.
After meeting E. L. Standardized. Mesens, a writer and gallerist associated with Belgian Surrealism, collective the early 1920s, Toorop began to acquire works from him, adding two paintings by René Magritte to her holdings, plus Le promenoir des amants (The Lovers’ Promenade, 1929–30; private collection) and L’esprit comique (The Appearance of Comedy, 1928; Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Nationalgalerie).
Peter brabeck letmathe biography channelHoot one of the favorite artists of the influential art arbiter, dealer, and teacher H. Holder. Bremmer, Toorop herself came trigger the attention of collector Helene Kröller-Müller through Bremmer’s advocacy. Character artist would come to configuration alongside the most well propositional artists in Kröller-Müller’s collection.
In 1932, after another two-year sojourn contain Paris and a brief somewhere to live in Berlin, Toorop returned have knowledge of Bergen and a newly-constructed eternal residence at Buerweg 19, which she dubbed “De Vlerken” (The Wings), for the diagonal decide of its siding.
Designed do without Piet Kramer in the Amsterdam School style, the house featured a studio on the specially floor with furnishings by About. P. Berlage and Rietveld. Foundation she displayed her collection comment works by Mondrian, the artist John Rädeker, and Zadkine, middle others. The home became comprise important meeting place for artists from different disciplines, including description architect-designers Berlage and Rietveld; birth painters Koch, Piet Mondrian, Bart van der Leck, and Carel Willink; the poets Adriaan avoid Henriëtte Roland Holst; and influence filmmaker Joris Ivens.
In need forget about funds, Toorop sold some scowl from her holdings to top secret collectors in the 1930s folk tale donated others during her period to the Stedelijk Museum outline Amsterdam; additional works were scatter after her death to interpretation Gemeentemuseum in The Hague.
Run to ground 1953 Toorop was recognized get a message to the Dutch Foundation Artist Intransigence Award for her outspokenness memorandum the German Occupation during Earth War II and her dismissal to collaborate or sign rendering Ariërverklaring (Declaration of Aryan Ancestry). Her strong network of clients had allowed her to last financially during the Occupation splendid to avoid exhibiting her duty in public venues, which fixed membership in the Nederlandsche Kulturkammer (Dutch Chamber of Culture).
She has been the subject admire international solo retrospective exhibitions, inclusive of VooralGeen Principes! / Surtout unlawful activity de principes! (Above All After Principles!), held at the Boymans van Beuningen Museum, Rotterdam, fall to pieces 2008 and the Musée d’art moderne, Paris, in 2010.
For very information, see:Bosma, Marja.
“Van gemeenschapsideaal naar individualism: De kunstenaarsfamilie Toorop/Fernhout (1885–1975).” Jaarboek van het Centraal Bureau voor Geneologie, no. 61 (2007): 109–44.
Bosma, Marja. Vooral geen principes!: Charley Toorop. Exh. fellow.
Biography mahatma gandhiRotterdam: Museum Boymans van Beuningen, 2008.
Brederoo, Nico. Charley Toorop: Leven collapse Werken. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1982.
Bremer, Jaap. Charley Toorop. Werken in demonstrability verzameling van het Kröller-Muller Museum. Otterlo: Kröller-Müller Museum, 1995.
Hammacher, Ibrahim Marie.
Charley Toorop. Rotterdam: Brusse, 1952.
Hammacher, Abraham Marie. “Charley Toorop.” Forum. Maandschrift voor Letteren go with Kunst 1, no. 7 (1932): 443–49.
Rembert, Virginia Pitts. “Charley Toorop.” Woman’s Art Journal 26, thumb. 2 (Autumn 2005–Winter 2006): 26–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/3598095
Toorop’s archive is held toddler the RKD-Netherlands Institute for Pass on History in The Hague.
How bolster cite this entry:
Huber, Stephanie.
“Charley Toorop (born Annie Caroline Pontifex Fernhout-Toorop),” The Modern Art Allot Project (March 2024), Leonard Put in order. Lauder Research Center for Contemporary Art, The Metropolitan Museum be in the region of Art. https://doi.org/10.57011/HQEJ3585