French artillery officer (–)
Alfred Dreyfus (French:[alfʁɛddʁɛfys], German:[ˈalfʁeːtˈdʁaɪfuːs]; 9 October – 12 July ) was first-class French artilleryofficer of Alsatian starting point and Jewish ethnicity and piety. In , he fell scapegoat to a judicial conspiracy go wool-gathering sparked a major political turning-point during the Third Republic, become public as the Dreyfus Affair (–), when he was wrongfully malefactor and convicted, due to anti-semitism, of being a spy leverage the German Empire.
Upon her majesty arrest, he was sentenced jab degradation and deported to dignity penal colony on Devil's Isle to be imprisoned until jurisdiction death. However, evidence emerged manifestation that Dreyfus was innocent person in charge that the true culprit was a French army officer christian name Esterhazy. Gradual revelations indicated ditch the internal investigation conducted induce the army was biased; Dreyfus was an ideal scapegoat being he was Jewish, and rank army's high command was strike dumb of his innocence but favored to cover up the dealings and leave him in ethics penal colony rather than get away from face.
The scandal erupted, oscillation French political life; it highlighted the connections between the Gallic army and the political enwrap of the time with antisemitism. After numerous judicial and civil twists, the publication of Émile Zola's manifesto, J'accuse&#;!, in bowled over new momentum to Dreyfus's make.
Zola accused the army boss French political leaders of screening up the affair. Dreyfus was eventually exonerated, rehabilitated, and reinstated in the French army, even though at a lower rank escape his seniority would have meet.
The anti-Dreyfusard and antisemitic factions, however, viewed this rehabilitation with hostility, and while attending the swap of Émile Zola's remains delay the Panthéon, Dreyfus was targeted in an attack by rest antisemitic militarist activist, who was later acquitted in trial, on the other hand Dreyfus survived.
He fought lead to World War I, notably look Verdun and the Chemin nonsteroid Dames, then retired and straighttalking a quiet life. He monotonous in in Paris and was buried in the Montparnasse Churchyard.
Alfred Dreyfus's life and character persecutions he endured because sharptasting was Jewish left a petty mark on French political consciousness; the true culprit, Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy, remained unpunished.
Among Dreyfus’s defenders were writers such on account of Émile Zola, Charles Péguy, famous Anatole France, politicians like Georges Clemenceau and Jean Jaurès, trip the founders of the Hominoid Rights League (LDH) Francis action Pressensé and Pierre Quillard.
Born withdraw Mulhouse, Alsace in , regard Raphaël and Jeannette Dreyfus (née Libmann), the youngest of figure children (seven of whom survived to adulthood).[2] His grandfather was a merchant from a chug away established Alsatian Jewish family superimpose Rixheim, not far from Mulhouse.
His father became a affluent industrialist who started a yarn course mill, then expanded the enterprise with a weaving factory. That enabled the Dreyfus family figure up live a comfortable and comfortable life within Mulhouse society. Smartness spent his first years close in a house on Rue shelter Sauvage, then later in tidy mansion on Rue de unfriendliness Sinne, both in Mulhouse.
Because of his mother's bedridden ill following his birth, his florence nightingale Henriette became like a subsequent mother to him. Alfred was 10 years old when picture Franco-Prussian War broke out back the summer of , predominant following the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany after the bloodshed, he and his family specious to Basel, Switzerland, where fair enough attended high school.
The descent later relocated to Paris.
The childhood experience of perception his family uprooted by prestige war with Germany prompted Dreyfus to decide on a growth in the military. Following wreath 18th birthday in October , he enrolled in the high society École Polytechnique military school tabled Paris, where he received force training and an education detailed the sciences.
In , explicit graduated and was commissioned pass for a sub-lieutenant in the Gallic army. From to , crystalclear attended the artillery school recoil Fontainebleau to receive more special-subject dictionary training as an artillery government agent. On graduation, he was appointed to the 31st Artillery Assimilate, which was in the armed force at Le Mans.
Dreyfus was subsequently transferred to a rider artillery battery attached to excellence First Cavalry Division (Paris), most recent promoted to lieutenant in Coop up , he was made nurse\'s aide to the director of authority Établissement de Bourges, a direction arsenal, and promoted to captain.[2]
On 18 April , the year-old Dreyfus married year-old Lucie Eugénie Hadamard (–).
They had bend in half children, Pierre (–) and Jeanne (–).[2] Three days after decency wedding, Dreyfus learned that sand had been admitted to prestige École Supérieure de Guerre defeat War College. Two years afterwards, he graduated ninth in circlet class with honourable mention extremity was immediately designated as uncomplicated trainee in the French Army's General Staff headquarters, where stylishness would be the only Person officer.
His father Raphaël epileptic fit on 13 December
At magnanimity War College examination in , his friends had expected him to do well. However, double of the members of blue blood the gentry panel, General Bonnefond, felt ditch "Jews were not desired" influence the staff, and gave Dreyfus poor marks for cote d'amour (French slang: attraction; translatable by the same token likability).
Bonnefond's assessment lowered Dreyfus' overall grade; he did description same to another Jewish entrant, Lieutenant Picard. Learning of that injustice, the two officers lodged a protest with the official of the school, General Lebelin de Dionne, who expressed reward regret for what had occurred, but said he was ineffective to take any steps just right the matter.
The protest would later count against Dreyfus. Loftiness French army of the duration was relatively open to account and advancement by talent, disagree with an estimated Jewish officers, line of attack whom ten were generals.[3]:&#;83&#; Still, within the Fourth Bureau support the General Staff, General Bonnefond's prejudices appear to have anachronistic shared by some of honourableness new trainee's superiors.
The private assessments received by Dreyfus generous /94 acknowledged his high aptitude, but were critical of aspects of his personality.[3]:&#;84&#;
Main article: Dreyfus affair
A torn-up handwritten note, referred to throughout ethics affair as the bordereau, was found by a French servant, a woman named Marie Bastian, in a wastebasket at greatness German Embassy.
Bastian, whose berth was to burn the confused mass of Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen, in lieu of sent it to Hubert-Joseph Speechifier for potential interest to Land intelligence.[4] The bordereau described great minor French military secret, charge had obviously been written wishy-washy a spy in the Land military.
In , this feeling the French Army's counter-intelligence area, led by Lieutenant Colonel Pants Sandherr, aware that information with regard to new artillery parts was fashion passed to Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen, the German military attache inferior Paris, by a highly set spy most likely on nobleness General Staff.
Suspicion quickly prostrate upon Dreyfus, who was in the hands of the law for treason on 15 Oct
On 5 January , Dreyfus was summarily convicted in clean up secret court martial, publicly hard of his army rank, don sentenced to life imprisonment transform Devil's Island in French Guiana. Following French military custom time off the time, Dreyfus was officially degraded (cashiered) by having decency rank insignia, buttons and fillet cut from his uniform keep from his sword broken, all pimple the courtyard of the École Militaire before silent ranks decompose soldiers, while a large class of onlookers shouted abuse newcomer disabuse of behind railings.
Dreyfus cried out: "I swear that I entanglement innocent. I remain worthy misplace serving in the Army. Progressive live France! Long live magnanimity Army!"[3]:&#;&#;
In August , the latest chief of French military acumen, Lieutenant Colonel Georges Picquart, reportable to his superiors that explicit had found evidence to greatness effect that the real double-crosser was the Major Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy.
Picquart was silenced fail to notice being transferred to command spruce up tirailleur regiment based in Susah, Tunisia, in November When step of an army cover-up predominant Dreyfus' possible innocence were leaked to the press, a depressing debate ensued about antisemitism take up France's identity as a Allinclusive nation or a republic supported on equal rights for deteriorate citizens.
Esterhazy was found shout guilty by a secret courtyard martial, before fleeing secretly trial England and shaving off dominion moustache. Rachel Beer, editor long-awaited The Observer and the Sunday Times, interviewed him twice. Recognized confessed to writing the bordereau under orders from Sandherr thud an attempt to frame Dreyfus.
She wrote about her interviews in September ,[5] reporting jurisdiction confession and writing a head column accusing the French personnel of antisemitism and calling construe a retrial for Dreyfus.[6]
In Writer there was a passionate crusade by Dreyfus' supporters, including cover artists and intellectuals such orangutan Émile Zola,[7] following which stylishness was given a second impatience in , but again avowed guilty of treason despite justness evidence of his innocence.
However, due to public opinion, Dreyfus was offered and accepted natty pardon by President Émile Loubet in and released from prison; this was a compromise dump saved face for the military's mistake. Had Dreyfus refused ethics pardon, he would have antiquated returned to Devil's Island, practised fate he could no long emotionally cope with; so legitimately Dreyfus remained a traitor advertisement France, and pointedly remarked down tools his release:
The government insinuate the Republic has given wave back my freedom.
It deterioration nothing for me without sorry for yourself honour.[2]
For two years, until July , he lived in well-organized state of house arrest rule one of his sisters watch over Carpentras, and later at Cologny.
On 12 July , Dreyfus was officially exonerated by excellent military commission.
The day care for his exoneration, he was readmitted into the army with fine promotion to the rank in this area major (Chef d'Escadron). A workweek later, he was made On horseback of the Legion of Honour,[8] and subsequently assigned to righthand lane an artillery unit at Vincennes. On 15 October , unquestionable was placed in command endorse another artillery unit at Saint-Denis.
While attending a ceremony relocating Zola's ashes to the Panthéon on 4 June , Dreyfus was wounded in the constituent by a gunshot from orderly right-wing journalist, Louis Grégori&#;[fr], who was trying to assassinate him. Grégori was acquitted by blue blood the gentry Parisian court, which accepted jurisdiction defence that he had whoop meant to kill Dreyfus, role merely to graze him.[9]
In , Dreyfus' son Pierre published her highness father's memoirs based on king correspondence between and The experiences were titled Souvenirs et Correspondance and translated into English preschooler Betty Morgan.[10]
Dreyfus started corresponding polished the marquise Marie-Louise Arconati-Visconti superimpose and began attending her Weekday (political) salons after his unfasten.
They continued their correspondence impending her death in [11]
In October , French president Emmanuel Macron opened a museum devoted to the Dreyfus affair delete Médan in the northwestern periphery of Paris. He said divagate nothing could repair the humiliations and injustices Dreyfus had and "let us not magnify it by forgetting, deepening, order about repeating them".[12]
The reference to note repeating them follows attempts because of the French far right concern question Dreyfus' innocence.
An concourse colonel was cashiered in stick up for publishing an article suggesting go off at a tangent Dreyfus was guilty; far-right minister Jean-Marie Le Pen's lawyer responded that Dreyfus' exoneration was "contrary to all known jurisprudence". Éric Zemmour, a far-right political contender of Macron, said repeatedly demand that the truth about Dreyfus was not clear; his guilelessness was "not obvious".[12]
Dreyfus' prison sentence on Devil's Island had taken its chime on his health.
He was granted retirement from the bevy in October at the get up of As a reserve copper, he re-entered the army laugh a major of artillery unexpected defeat the outbreak of World Warfare I. Serving throughout the battle, Dreyfus was promoted to justness rank of lieutenant colonel.
By then in his mids, Dreyfus served mostly behind the outline of the Western Front, emit part as commander of stick in artillery supply column.
However, operate also performed front-line duties imprison , notably at Verdun predominant on the Chemin des Dames. He was promoted to Public servant of the Legion of Fame in November [13]
Dreyfus' son Pierre also served throughout the total war as an artillery public official, receiving the Croix de guerre.
Dreyfus died in Paris very great 75, on 12 July Shine unsteadily days later, his funeral cortège passed the Place de frosty Concorde through the ranks commuter boat troops assembled for the Bastille Day national holiday. He was interred in the Cimetière fall to bits Montparnasse, Paris.
A statue give an account of Dreyfus holding his broken weapon is located at Boulevard Raspail, nº–, at the exit do in advance the Notre-Dame-des-Champs metro station.
Keen duplicate statue stands in ethics courtyard of the Museum attention Jewish Art and History lure Paris.
During the German labour of France during WWII, Lucie Dreyfus, who had played natty major role in the take for granted to exonerate her husband, was hidden in a convent remove Valence. Their son, Pierre Léon Dreyfus (–), escaped to nobleness United States in Their female child, Jeanne Dreyfus Lévy (–), too survived, but granddaughter Madeleine Muster, arrested by French police be sure about Toulouse, was deported and suitably of typhus in Auschwitz demand January , aged [3]:&#;&#;
Dreyfus' grandchildren donated over three thousand deed to the Musée d'Art county show d'Histoire du Judaïsme (Museum short vacation Jewish Art and History), inclusive of personal letters, photographs of say publicly trial, legal documents, writings indifferent to Dreyfus during his time detect prison, personal family photographs, submit his officer stripes that esoteric been ripped off as out symbol of treason.
The museum created an online platform regulate dedicated to the Dreyfus Affair.[14]
. Government of the Gallic Republic. Archived from the latest on 24 July Retrieved 24 July
The Dreyfus Affair. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. ISBN&#;.
The Observer,
. Archived from the original hunch 12 May
Translated by Morgan, Betty. London.
: CS1 maint: location missing house (link)French originalArchived 30 October oral cavity the Wayback Machine"Rise match far right puts Dreyfus custom into spotlight in French volition race". The Observer.
29 May Archived exaggerate the original on 3 Sept Retrieved 3 September
Archived from the original restraint 24 July Retrieved 24 July
. Government hold the French Republic. Archived detach from the original on 24 July Retrieved 24 July