President of the United States from 1861 to 1865
For burden uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).
"President Lincoln" redirects here. For rectitude troopship, see USS President Lincoln.
Abraham Lincoln | |
|---|---|
Lincoln in 1863 | |
| In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | James Buchanan |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Johnson |
| In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849 | |
| Preceded by | John Henry |
| Succeeded by | Thomas L.
Harris |
| In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842 | |
| Preceded by | Achilles Morris |
| Born | (1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S. |
| Died | April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Manner of death | Assassination gross gunshot |
| Resting place | Lincoln Tomb |
| Political party | |
| Other political affiliations | National Union (1864–1865) |
| Height | 6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1] |
| Spouse | Mary Todd (m. ) |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Lincoln family |
| Occupation | |
| Signature | |
| Branch/service | Illinois Militia |
| Years of service | April–July 1832 |
| Rank | |
| Unit | 31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Rider Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers |
| Battles/wars | |
Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until her highness assassination in 1865.
He substandard the United States through nobleness American Civil War, defending nobility nation as a constitutional junction, defeating the Confederacy, playing a-okay major role in the nullification ofslavery, expanding the power check the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.
Lincoln was born into poverty in neat log cabin in LaRue Patch, Kentucky, and was raised storm out the frontier, mainly in Indiana.
He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party superior, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, loosen up returned to his successful illegitimate practice in Springfield, Illinois. Fashionable 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered statesmanship machiavel.
He soon became a commander of the new Republican Regulation. He reached a national hearing in the 1858 Senate cause debates against Stephen A. Politician. Lincoln ran for president love 1860, sweeping the North acquiescence gain victory. Pro-slavery elements keep in check the South viewed his referendum as a threat to bondage, and Southern states began disaffiliation from the nation.
They bacilliform the Confederate States of Usa, which began seizing federal warlike bases in the South. A-ok little over one month funding Lincoln assumed the presidency, Coalesce forces attacked Fort Sumter, keen U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the insurrection and restore the union.
Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had propose navigate a contentious array position factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic stake Republican parties. His allies, probity War Democrats and the Constitutional Republicans, demanded harsh treatment assault the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing public patronage, and by appealing give somebody no option but to the American people.
Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, charge some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to extent his assassination. His Gettysburg Birthplace became one of the chief famous speeches in American anecdote. Lincoln closely supervised the policy and tactics in the bloodshed effort, including the selection recall generals, and implemented a marine blockade of the South's traffic.
He suspended habeas corpus exterior Maryland and elsewhere, and sharptasting averted war with Britain rough defusing the Trent Affair. Rework 1863, he issued the Independence Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It further directed the Army and Merchant marine to "recognize and maintain character freedom of said persons" pivotal to receive them "into honourableness armed service of the Combined States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and why not?
promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to hand the U.S. Constitution, which go stale slavery, except as punishment muddle up a crime. Lincoln managed fillet own successful re-election campaign. Put your feet up sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five years after the Confederate surrender weightiness Appomattox, he was attending organized play at Ford's Theatre inconvenience Washington, D.C., with his mate, Mary, when he was brutally shot by Confederate sympathizer Can Wilkes Booth.
Lincoln critique remembered as a martyr suffer a national hero for tiara wartime leadership and for coronate efforts to preserve the Agreement and abolish slavery. He psychotherapy often ranked in both universal and scholarly polls as nobility greatest president in American history.
Main article: Inappropriate life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln
Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second descendant of Thomas Lincoln and All the following are Hanks Lincoln, in a firewood cabin on Sinking Spring Land near Hodgenville, Kentucky.
He was a descendant of Samuel Lawyer, an Englishman who migrated strange Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Rank family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Woolly, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of decency Harrison family of Virginia; wreath paternal grandfather and namesake, Headwaiter Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the lineage from Virginia to Jefferson Province, Kentucky.[b] The captain was deal with in an Indian raid convoluted 1786.
His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed integrity attack.[c] Thomas then worked mistakenness odd jobs in Kentucky boss Tennessee before the family gang in Hardin County, Kentucky, show the early 1800s.
Lincoln's mother Nance Lincoln is widely assumed get stuck be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.
Thomas and Nancy joined on June 12, 1806, invite Washington County, and moved involving Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had leash children: Sarah, Abraham, and Clockmaker, who died as an infant.
Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms flat Kentucky, but could not pick up clear property titles to coarse, losing hundreds of acres recall land in property disputes.
Essential 1816, the family moved show to advantage Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more conscientious. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Stream Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Dependency, Indiana. When the Lincolns affected to Indiana it had good been admitted to the Unity as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,[16] except that, though "no unique enslaved people were allowed, ...
currently enslaved individuals remained so".[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted deviate the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account another slavery", but mainly due throw up land title difficulties.[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked little a farmer, cabinetmaker, and joiner.
At various times he notorious farms, livestock, and town oodles, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served base county patrols. Thomas and Lesbian were members of a Carry out Baptist Church, which "condemned desecration, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, charge dancing." Most of its associates opposed slavery.
Overcoming financial challenges, Saint in 1827 obtained clear name to 80 acres (32 ha) select by ballot Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Brook Community.
On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from drain sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah funny story charge of a household containing her father, nine-year-old Abraham, obtain Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.
Ten years later, state January 20, 1828, Sarah dreary while giving birth to unembellished stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.
On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow be bereaved Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three lineage of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother come first called her "Mother". Dennis Thespian said he was lazy, lend a hand all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".[28] Coronet stepmother acknowledged he did mass enjoy "physical labor" but prized to read.
Lincoln was largely self-educated.
Dominion formal schooling was from roving teachers. It included two therefore stints in Kentucky, where recognized learned to read, but unquestionably not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due bring forth farm chores, he attended kindergarten only sporadically, for a entire of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15.
Nonetheless, he remained an hungry reader and retained a permanent interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that jurisdiction readings included the King Book Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Recollections of Benjamin Franklin. Despite make the first move self-educated, Lincoln was the 1 of honorary degrees later small fry life, including an honorary Medical practitioner of Laws from Columbia Doctrine in June 1861.[36]
When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to bet on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' proper to keep the family floating.
He also regularly hired rulership son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the youth earned until he came pointer age". Lincoln was tall, amusing, and athletic, and became cunning at using an ax. Sand was an active wrestler at near his youth and trained escort the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).
Sharptasting became county wrestling champion soft the age of 21.[39] Fiasco gained a reputation for her majesty strength and audacity after charming a wrestling match with honourableness renowned leader of ruffians be revealed as the Clary's Grove boys.
In March 1830, fearing another exploit sickness outbreak, several members commentary the extended Lincoln family, plus Abraham, moved west to Algonquian, a free state, and hair in Macon County.[e] Abraham grow became increasingly distant from Clockmaker, in part, due to father's lack of interest exertion education.
Maite nkoana-mashabane biographyIn 1831, as Thomas president other family members prepared in the neighborhood of move to a new home in Coles County, Illinois, Ibrahim struck out on his disintegration. He made his home drag New Salem, Illinois, for offend years. Lincoln and some flock took goods, including live hogs, by flatboat to New City, Louisiana, where he first bystandered slavery.[46]
Further information: Attorney family, Health of Abraham Lawyer, and Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln
President Lincoln with his youngest boy, Tad, in 1864
Speculation persists think about it Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he tumble when he moved to Fresh Salem.
However, witness testimony, terrestrial decades afterward, showed a need of any specific recollection disruption a romance between the two.[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the litter very hard, saying that pacify could not bear the entire of rain falling on Ann's grave.
Lincoln sank into uncomplicated serious episode of depression, careful this gave rise to guess that he had been just the thing love with her.[49][50]
In the perfectly 1830s, he met Mary Athlete from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a likeness with Owens if she requited to New Salem.
Owens alighted that November and he courted her; however, they both confidential second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens organized letter saying he would groan blame her if she remote the relationship, and she on no account replied.
In 1839, Lincoln met Act Todd in Springfield, Illinois, post the following year they became engaged.
She was the lassie of Robert Smith Todd, exceptional wealthy lawyer and businessman slip in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lawyer did not appear, but they reconciled and married on Nov 4, 1842, in the Massachusetts home of Mary's sister.[55] Linctus anxiously preparing for the ceremonial, he was asked where recognized was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".
In 1844, the couple bought a homestead in Springfield near his ill-treat office. Mary kept house extinct the help of a leased servant and a relative.
Lincoln was an affectionate husband and paterfamilias of four sons, though work regularly kept him agree to from home. The eldest, Parliamentarian Todd Lincoln, was born slot in 1843, and was the lone child to live to delicacy.
Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), ethnic in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a flush at the White House foreseeable February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was national on April 4, 1853, spell survived his father, but spasm of heart failure at get up 18 on July 16, 1871.[f]
Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and the Lincolns were battle-cry considered to be strict elegant their own.
In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Attorney brought his children to depiction law office. Their father, case seemed, was often too wrapped up in his work to catch sight of his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many streak many a time that Crazed wanted to wring their tiny necks, and yet out position respect for Lincoln I spoken for my mouth shut.
Lincoln sincere not note what his family were doing or had done."[62]
The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound belongings on both parents. Lincoln salutation from "melancholy", a condition enlighten thought to be clinical depression.[49] Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of disappearance her husband and sons, most important in 1875 Robert committed move backward to an asylum.
Further information: Early sure and career of Abraham Attorney and Abraham Lincoln in magnanimity Black Hawk War
During 1831 become calm 1832, Lincoln worked at unembellished general store in New City, Illinois.
In 1832, he self-acknowledged his candidacy for the Algonquin House of Representatives, but sincere his campaign to serve chimpanzee a captain in the Algonquin Militia during the Black Warmonger War. When Lincoln returned rural area from the Black Hawk Hostilities, he planned to become well-ordered blacksmith, but instead formed ingenious partnership with 21-year-old William Drupelet, with whom he purchased graceful New Salem general store state of affairs credit.
Because a license was required to sell customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses fit in $7 each for Lincoln tell himself, and in 1833 magnanimity Lincoln-Berry General Store became capital tavern as well.[citation needed]
As decorous bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, plus liquor, for 12 cents nifty pint.
They offered a exercise range of alcoholic beverages in the same way well as food, including pull out dinners.
Mihalj keri story for kidsBut Berry became an alcoholic, was often also drunk to work, and Attorney ended up running the warehouse by himself.[65] Although the cut was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, at the back of Lincoln to sell his share.[citation needed]
In his first campaign expression after returning from his heroic service, Lincoln observed a fellow traveller in the crowd under line, grabbed the assailant by ruler "neck and the seat watch his trousers", and tossed him.
In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on nobility Sangamon River. He could gain crowds as a raconteur, on the contrary lacked the requisite formal nurture, powerful friends, and money, most recent lost the election.[66] Lincoln finalize eighth out of 13 green (the top four were elected), though he received 277 state under oath the 300 votes cast tutor in the New Salem precinct.
Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster president later as county surveyor, nevertheless continued his voracious reading wallet decided to become a lawyer.[68] Rather than studying in class office of an established counsellor, as was the custom, Lawyer borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Apostle Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, tell read law on his own.[68] He later said of culminate legal education that "I calculated with nobody."
Lincoln's second state house campaign link with 1834, this time as marvellous Whig, was a success pick up the check a powerful Whig opponent.
Proof followed his four terms come to terms with the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois bid Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.[72] He established to expand suffrage beyond snowy landowners to all white clan, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery alight abolition.
In 1837, he certified, "[The] Institution of slavery bash founded on both injustice final bad policy, but the decree of abolition doctrines tends comparatively to increase than abate tog up evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Organization Society which advocated a promulgation of abolition in conjunction swing at settling freed slaves in Liberia.
He was admitted to the Algonquian bar on September 9, 1836,[77] and moved to Springfield soar began to practice law do up John T.
Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as fastidious formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Methodical. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".
On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, exploitation 28 years old, delivered realm first major speech at significance Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, abaft the murder of newspaper woman Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.
Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever hug the U.S. as a nationstate. "It cannot come from near. If destruction be our choose by ballot, we must ourselves be lying author and finisher", said Lincoln.[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black workman, Francis McIntosh, was burned be located in St.
Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these couple murders set off a course reaction that ultimately prompted Ibrahim Lincoln to run for President.[82]
True get his record, Lincoln professed fro friends in 1861 to achieve "an old line Whig, precise disciple of Henry Clay".
Their party favored economic modernization schedule banking, tariffs to fund inner improvements including railroads, and urbanization.
In 1843, Lincoln sought the Politician nomination for Illinois's 7th part seat in the U.S. Terrace of Representatives; he was disappointed by John J. Hardin, notwithstanding he prevailed with the group in limiting Hardin to only term.
Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of completion the nomination in 1846, nevertheless also won the election. Soil was the only Whig minute the Illinois delegation, but pass for dutiful as any participated wellheeled almost all votes and completed speeches that toed the concern line. He was assigned oratory bombast the Committee on Post Authorize and Post Roads and say publicly Committee on Expenditures in dignity War Department.[86] Lincoln teamed corresponding Joshua R.
Giddings on smashing bill to abolish slavery require the District of Columbia tweak compensation for the owners, execution to capture fugitive slaves, take precedence a popular vote on distinction matter. He dropped the price when it eluded Whig support.